Efficacy and safety of diode laser during circumvestibular incision for Le Fort I osteotomy in orthognathic surgery: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial.

The aim of this triple-blind randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of diode laser during circumvestibular incisions for Le Fort I osteotomy in orthognathic surgeries in comparison with conventional techniques using electrocautery and scalpel. Patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups based on the technique employed to perform incisions: diode laser, electrocautery, and scalpel. The parameters used to evaluate the efficacy and safety of diode laser were incision velocity, duration of surgery, bleeding rate, alterations in postoperative functions, pain, edema, wound clinical healing, and infection. Thirty patients were enrolled in the study (10 per group). Regarding bleeding, the incisions performed with diode laser promoted a lower bleeding rate compared with scalpel and electrocautery (p = 0.00). The diode surgical laser was effective during the incision procedure, but required a longer time to perform the incisions compared with the other techniques evaluated (p < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was detected between groups regarding total surgical time or other safety parameters (p > 0.05). Thus, diode laser proved to be effective and safer during circumvestibular incisions for Le Fort I osteotomy than conventional devices.

High-power diode laser in the circumvestibular incision for Le Fort I osteotomy in orthognathic surgery: a prospective case series study.

The incisions during orthognathic surgery are classically performed with conventional scalpel or electrocautery. Considering that the high-power diode laser surgery may provide advantages when compared to conventional incision techniques, the current study aimed to present a prospective case series of patients submitted to circumvestibular incision for Le Fort I osteotomy. Ten patients with dentofacial deformities who underwent to rapid assisted maxillary expansion or bimaxillary orthognathic surgery were enrolled in the study. All incisions were performed by a single surgeon using an 808-nm diode laser, with an optical fiber of 600 µm, at a power of 2.5 W, in a continuous-wave mode. The performance of the incision was evaluated by incision velocity, bleeding, edema, secondary infection, clinical healing, and pain. The velocity of the incision ranged from 0.10 to 0.20 mm/s (mean 0.13 ± 0.03 mm/s). Considering bleeding during the soft tissue incision, all surgeries were classified as absent bleeding. All patients presented a clinical healing of the surgical wound in a period that range from 3 to 5 weeks and experienced swelling during the follow-up period. On average, approximately 50% of the swelling had resolved after the third postoperative week, and 28.8% of swelling remained after 2 months after the surgery. The pain decreased after 2 and 3 days, and 90.0% of the patients reported no pain after 7 postoperative days. High-power diode laser is effective and safety during circumvestibular incisions for Le Fort I osteotomy in orthognathic surgery decreasing bleeding, surgery time, pain, and edema after orthognathic surgery.

Small central odontogenic fibroma mimicking hyperplastic dental follicle and dentigerous cyst.

Central odontogenic fibroma has been defined as a benign odontogenic tumor, representing the intraosseous counterpart of a peripheral odontogenic fibroma. The odontogenic fibroma is a rare tumor. Differential diagnosis of radiolucent lesions in the molar-premolar region of mandible which involve impacted tooth may include central odontogenic fibroma, hyperplastic dental follicle, dentigerous cyst, unicystic ameloblastoma, and keratocystic odontogenic tumor. We describe an example of a small central odontogenic fibroma mimicking hyperplastic dental follicle and dentigerous cyst, resulting in uneruption of a primary tooth.

Management of fractures of the zygomaticomaxillary complex.

The zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) has important aesthetic, structural, and functional roles that need to be preserved and/or restored during treatment of facial fractures. Surgical treatment of ZMC fractures is indicated when there is displacement of the bony fragments, and open reduction and internal fixation is the treatment of choice in cases of comminution or fracture instability. The surgical approaches used for fracture reduction as well as the type, number, and location of the fixation will be determined by the pattern of the fracture and the surgeon's preference. This article discusses the main points of the management of ZMC fractures.

1,454 mandibular fractures: a 3-year study in a hospital in Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the mandibular fractures which presented over a 3-year period at an emergency hospital in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. METHODS: The data collected included age, sex, aetiology, date of trauma, associated maxillofacial trauma, anatomic site of fracture, and treatment. The analysis involved descriptive statistics and the Pearson's chi-square, Bonferroni, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whiney tests, and analysis of variance. RESULTS: There were 1,454 mandibular fractures in 1,023 patients. Males of 20-29 years of age sustained the majority of fractures. Traffic accidents were the major causes of trauma, followed by violence and falls. A high incidence of fractures in women due to violence was observed. The condyle region was found to be the most common fracture site in the mandible. A surgical approach was performed in most cases. There were more accidents causing mandibular fractures on the weekends. CONCLUSION: The individuals with mandibular fractures due to "traffic accidents" were younger than those due to "violence" and "falls". There was a significant statistical association between age and aetiology as well as between sex and aetiology of mandibular fractures.

Risk factors and prevention of bad splits during sagittal split osteotomy.

PURPOSE: One of the operative complications of the sagittal split osteotomy of the mandible is a bad split, which describes an unfavorable or irregular fracture of the mandible in the course of the osteotomy. The purpose of this study is to identify previous studies which reported incidences of bad split occurrence during sagittal split osteotomy and to discuss its mechanisms and risk factors, based on a literature review, in order to minimize their occurrence. A few illustrative cases are also presented. METHODS: An electronic search was undertaken in January 2011. The titles and abstracts from these results (n = 363) were read for identifying studies which reported incidences of bad split occurrence during sagittal split osteotomy procedures. RESULTS: Twenty-one studies were identified and assessed. The incidence of bad splits from these studies varied between 0.21% and 22.72%. The buccal plate of the proximal segment and the posterior aspect of the distal segment were the most affected areas. DISCUSSION: The surgical patient should be evaluated according to age and the presence of unerupted/impacted third molars. Prevention is focused on adequate osteotomy design, eliminating sharp angle where abnormal stress occurs on bony segments, completion of adequate cuts into the retrolingular depression and through the inferior border, and careful separation of the segments. The SSO is an extremely technical and sensitive procedure, and careful attention will probably prevent most unfavorable splits. If a fracture occurs, the fractured segments should be incorporated into the fixation scheme if possible. The occurrence of bad splits cannot always be avoided. When adequately treated the chances of functional success are good.

Distalização de segundo molar inferior impactado através da utilização de ancoragem esquelética com miniplaca: relato de caso / Distalization of impacted mandibular second molar using miniplates for skeletal anchorage: case report

O presente estudo consiste no relato de um caso onde a distalização do segundo molar inferior impactado do lado direito foi obtida através da ancoragem esquelética com o uso de miniplaca. A verticalização dos segundos molares inferiores impactados, durante muito tempo, colocou-se como um grande desafio para ortodontistas e cirurgiões bucais devido à escassez de recursos de ancoragem destinados para esse fim. A utilização da ancoragem esquelética foi iniciada na clínica ortodôntica em meados dos anos 80 e, desde então, diversas modalidades têm sido desenvolvidas para esse princípio, como a utilização de mini-implantes, implantes dentários e, finalmente, miniplacas, que foram testadas e apresentaram resultados animadores. O assunto é relevante para ortodontistas e cirurgiões bucais, uma vez que o uso das miniplacas pode influir de forma significativa no tratamento de molares inferiores impactados.

This study describes a case with an impacted right mandibular second molar which was distalized using miniplates for skeletal anchorage. Uprighting impacted mandibular second molars has been a great challenge for orthodontists and oral surgeons because of the scarcity of anchorage options. Skeletal anchorage was first used in clinical orthodontics in the middle of the 1980s. Since then, several devices have been developed for that purpose, such as mini-screws, tooth implants and, lately, miniplates, which have been tested and showed encouraging results. This topic is relevant for orthodontists and oral surgeons because the use of miniplates may significantly change the treatment of impacted mandibular molars.

Considerations of maxillary tuberosity fractures during extraction of upper molars: a literature review.

BACKGROUND: Maxillary tuberosity fractures during molar teeth extraction commonly occur in dental practice; however, very few cases have been reported and discussed in the literature. A correct preoperative radiographic interpretation, coupled with the anatomical knowledge of the structures involved, is essential to prevent such complications. AIM: The purpose of this paper is to enumerate the predisposing and etiological factors of maxillary tuberosity fractures during the extraction of upper molars, discuss the procedures that need to be taken when small or large fractured fragments of the tuberosity are evident during surgery, and suggest appropriate recommendations. This study is based on a thorough literature review. CONCLUSIONS: Upon discovering that a maxillary tuberosity has fractured, the dentist must first halt the procedure before inadvertent laceration of the adjoining soft tissue occurs and then determine the extent of the fracture by palpating the mobile fragment. After performing the dissection of the soft tissues, immediate removal of the small fractures, including the tooth with small bony fragments, may be the best option, because of the difficulty incurred when attempting to retain the bone. When a large bony fragment is present, it is recommended (i) that the extraction be abandoned and surgical removal of the tooth be performed using root sectioning, (ii) that the dentist tries to detach the fractured tuberosity from the roots, or (iii) that the dentist stabilizes the mobile part(s) of the bone by means of a rigid fixation technique for 4-6 weeks and, at a future moment, attempts a surgical removal without the use of a forceps.

Non-ossifying fibroma (metaphyseal fibrous defect) of the mandible.

A 15-year-old young man was referred for evaluation of a non-tender swelling of the left mandibular angle region. A non-ossifying fibroma was diagnosed. The lesion was enucleated under general anesthesia. The postoperative course was uneventful. There have been no signs of recurrence, and there was complete bone regeneration in the region 24 months after operation. This report also reviews other fifteen cases of non-ossifying fibroma in the mandible reported in the literature.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 associated with bilateral central giant cell granuloma of the mandible.

Neurofibromatosis type 1, or von Recklinghausen disease, is one of the most common hereditary neurocutaneous disorders in humans. Clinically, Neurofibromatosis type 1 is characterized by café-au-lait spots, freckling, skin neurofibroma, plexiform neurofibroma, bony defects, Lisch nodules and tumors of the central nervous system. Central giant cell granuloma is a benign central lesion of bone, primarily involving the jaws, of variably aggressive nature characterized by aggregates of multinucleated giant cells in a background of cellular vascular fibrous connective tissue and spindle-shaped mononuclear stromal cells. The association between neurofibromatosis and central giant cell granuloma has been reported in the literature. A case of mandibular bilateral central giant cell granuloma in a patient with Neurofibromatosis type 1 was conservatively but successfully treated by adequate surgical curettage of mandibular bone lesions.

Paradental (mandibular inflammatory buccal) cyst.

The paradental cyst is commonly misinterpreted when associated with atypical clinical and radiographic characteristics, in turn causing diagnostic problems. For this reason, the study of the differential diagnosis of this lesion has become extremely important. In addition, the correlation of clinical, histologic, and radiographic findings are also of great value in obtaining accurate diagnoses. The minor variations in the clinical appearance of paradental cysts make it feasible to consider the two main groups of cysts separately: those associated with 1st and 2nd permanent molars of the mandible and those associated with the 3rd mandibular molar. Moreover, this distinction in localization may well dictate the necessary treatment. Bearing in mind the minor clinical variations, the present article aims to discuss the differential diagnosis of this lesion and its different possible treatments by presenting a case report to illustrate the findings.

Ameloblastoma multiquístico mandibular tratado con terapia menos invasiva: caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Multicystic ameloblastoma of the mandible treated by less invasive therapy: clinical case and review of the literature

El ameloblastoma es un tumor odontogénico benigno, localmente invasivo y recidivante, que constituye aproximadamente el 10% de los tumores odontogénicos. Estos tumores ocurren más frecuentemente en la mandíbula. El cuadro clínico se caracteriza generalmente por presentar deformaciones faciales, crecimiento lento y asintomático. El tratamiento depende del tipo, la localización y el tamaño del tumor, así como de la edad del paciente. En este artículo se presenta un caso de ameloblastoma multiquístico en la mandíbula, que implica a una paciente del sexo femenino de 57 años, en el cual se discuten los aspectos diagnósticos e histopatológicos, así como el tratamiento menos invasivo empleado en el caso(AU)

Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic tumor, locally invasive and recurrent, representing approximately 10% of odontogenic tumors. The majority of cases occur in the mandible with slow and asymptomatic growth that can lead to facial deformities. The treatment of choice is based upon on the type, location and size of the tumor, as well as the age of the patient. A case of multicystic ameloblastoma of the mandible affecting a 57 years old female patient is presented discussing the diagnostic, histological, and less invasive treatment used in the case(AU)

Facial fractures in the elderly: a retrospective study in a hospital in Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: An increasing incidence of maxillofacial trauma in the elderly has been noted, as a consequence of increased longevity, resulting in a higher percentage of elderly people in the population. METHODS: A retrospective study was undertaken to assess facial fractures in elderly presenting during the period 2000 to 2002 in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The data collected included age, gender, etiology, date of trauma, maxillofacial trauma, anatomic site of fracture, and treatment. The statistical analysis involved evaluation of measures of central tendency and variability and calculation of proportions. RESULTS: It encountered 165 facial fractures in 122 elderly aged 60 years or older. The majority of fractures were sustained by elderly in the age group 60 years to 69 years. Falls was the major cause of trauma followed by car accidents. The mandible was found to be the most common fractured bone in the facial skeleton, followed by the zygomatic complex. A conservative approach was accomplished in the most of cases. CONCLUSION: Gender was associated with the presence or absence of fractures and with the etiology. There was no association between age and fractures. No association was found between etiology and age for women and men. The proportion of fractures of the zygomatic arch, mandible body, and parasymphysis treated surgically were statistically higher than the same proportion among the cases of other fractures. The fractures of the nose were more often treated conservatively than other fractures.

Evaluation of children nasal geometry, employing accoustic rhinometry.

UNLABELLED: The area above the nasal cavity plays a role in respiratory physiology. AIM: To analyze, during a period of growth, a possible change in the minimum cross sectional area (MCA) and nasal volume of the anterior nasal cavity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 29 children (14 boys and 15 girls) with a mean age of 7.81 years at first examination (M1) and 11.27 years in the second examination (M2), without symptoms of nasal obstruction. The interval between examinations was 36-48 months. Children were subjected to the examination of acoustic rhinometry in which we recorded the minimum cross-sectional areas, volumes and their correlations with gender. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort. RESULTS: The mean cross-sectional area of the nasal cavity of MCA for girls was 0.30 +/- 0.09 cm2 (M1) and 0.30 +/- 0.14 cm2 (M2), while for boys was 0.24 +/- 0.12 cm2 (M1) and 0.32 +/- 0.10 cm2 (M2). The mean values of the total volumes found for the whole sample were 2.17 +/- 0.23 cm3 (MCA1-M1), 2.56 +/- 0.27 cm3 (MCA1-M2), 4.24 +/- 1.17 cm3 (MCA2- M2) and 4.63 +/- 1.10 cm3 (MCA2-M2). CONCLUSION: There was no significant change in the minimum cross sectional area of the anterior nasal cavity. There was no significant difference between genders for both MCA and for the volume. There was a significant increase in MCA1.

Avaliação das geometrias nasais de crianças empregando a rinometria acústica / Evaluation of children nasal geometry, employing accoustic rhinometry

The area above the nasal cavity plays a role in respiratory physiology. AIM: To analyze, during a period of growth, a possible change in the minimum cross sectional area (MCA) and nasal volume of the anterior nasal cavity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 29 children (14 boys and 15 girls) with a mean age of 7.81 years at first examination (M1) and 11.27 years in the second examination (M2), without symptoms of nasal obstruction. The interval between examinations was 36-48 months. Children were subjected to the examination of acoustic rhinometry in which we recorded the minimum cross-sectional areas, volumes and their correlations with gender. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort. RESULTS: The mean cross-sectional area of the nasal cavity of MCA for girls was 0.30 ± 0.09 cm2 (M1) and 0.30 ± 0.14 cm2 (M2), while for boys was 0.24 ± 0.12 cm2 (M1) and 0.32 ± 0.10 cm2 (M2). The mean values of the total volumes found for the whole sample were 2.17 ± 0.23 cm3 (MCA1-M1), 2.56 ± 0.27 cm3 (MCA1-M2), 4.24 ± 1.17 cm3 (MCA2- M2) and 4.63 ± 1.10 cm3 (MCA2-M2). CONCLUSION: There was no significant change in the minimum cross sectional area of the anterior nasal cavity. There was no significant difference between genders for both MCA and for the volume. There was a significant increase in MCA1.

A área anterior da cavidade nasal desempenha papel fundamental na fisiologia respiratória. OBJETIVO: Analisar durante um período do crescimento possível alteração da área transversal mínima (MCA) e do volume nasal da região anterior da cavidade nasal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram avaliadas 29 crianças (14 meninos, 15 meninas) com média de idade de 7,81 anos no primeiro exame (M1) e de 11,27 anos no segundo exame (M2), sem sintomas de obstrução nasal. O intervalo entre os exames foi de 36-48 meses. As crianças foram submetidas ao exame de rinometria acústica, registrando-se as áreas transversais mínimas, volumes e suas correlações com os gêneros. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Estudo de coorte. RESULTADOS: A média da área transversal da cavidade nasal de MCA para as meninas foi de 0,30±0,09cm2 (M1) e de 0,30±0,14cm2 (M2), enquanto que para os meninos foi de 0,24±0,12cm2 (M1) e de 0,32±0,10cm2 (M2). As médias dos volumes totais encontradas, para toda a amostra, foram de 2,17±0,23cm3 (MCA1-M1), 2,56±0,27cm3 (MCA1-M2), 4,24±1,17cm3 (MCA2-M2) e de 4,63±1,10cm3 (MCA2-M2). CONCLUSÃO: Não houve alteração significativa da área transversal mínima da região anterior da cavidade nasal. Não houve diferença significativa entre os gêneros, tanto para MCA como para o volume. Houve aumento significativo do volume em MCA1.

Facial fractures in children and adolescents: a retrospective study of 3 years in a hospital in Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to review the etiology, incidence and treatment of selected oral and maxillofacial fractures in children in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, during a period of 3 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data collected for this study included age, gender, etiology, date of trauma, associated maxillofacial trauma, anatomic site of fracture and treatment. The analysis involved descriptive statistics and chi-squared test, Bonferroni test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whiney tests and analysis of variance. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: This study examined 566 facial fractures in 464 children of 18 years of age or less. The majority of fractures were observed in children within the age group of 13-18 years of age. Bicycle accidents were the major cause of trauma, followed by falls. The mandible was found to be the most common fractured bone in the facial skeleton, followed by the nose. A conservative approach was applied in most cases.

Two-stage surgical removal of large complex odontoma.

PURPOSE: The surgical treatment of a large complex odontoma in the mandibular angle is reported. Four possible surgical approaches to remove a benign tumor in the mandibular angle are discussed. PATIENT: A two-stage surgical treatment was chosen; first, removing most part of the lesion and preserving the second molar, decreasing the risk of a pathological mandibular fracture. A maxillo-mandibular fixation for a period of 4 weeks was used. The patient was oriented to maintain a soft diet. The second surgical stage occurred 3 months after the first one due to the significant bone consolidation observed, reducing the possibility of a mandibular fracture. The remaining lesion and the second molar were then completely removed. CONCLUSIONS: This case demonstrates the value of the tridimensional computed tomography in treatment planning prior to any definitive surgery. A computed tomography should be made in every case of intraosseous lesion in order to establish the intraosseous extent of the tumor, cortical perforation, and soft tissue involvement for precise guidance for the surgical planning. It is recommended that the surgeon considers excision by an intraoral, lingual approach when indicated, and in two stages, when an extremely thin mandibular base is present.

Maxillary sinus aplasia.

PURPOSE: A case of unilateral aplasia is reported. Associated anatomical anomalies and review of the literature is described, and a comparison with maxillary sinus hypoplasia is made. PATIENT: A 40-year-old male was complaining of an esthetic "defect" in his face. There was an antero-posterior depression in the left infraorbital region. Computed tomography showed absence of the left maxillary antrum, uncinate process, and maxillary infundibulum. The ipsilateral orbit was increased in volume inferiorly, and the inferior margin was immediately adjacent to the root of the inferior turbinate. The left inferior and middle turbinate was hyperplastic. The nasal septum was a little dislocated to the ipsilateral side. There was no history of antecedent sinusitis or surgery, and no evidence of systemic disease. An appositional en bloc autogenous bone graft was placed on the left infraorbital depression. CONCLUSIONS: With precise computed tomography assessments, a maxillary sinus hypoplasia or aplasia can be diagnosed and distinguished from other maxillary sinus anomalies, and may help the surgeon to plan his surgical procedure and identify the limits of dissection accordingly. The condition can also "cause" an esthetical deficit in the infraorbital/zygomatic region, which can be resolved with an appositional graft.

An expanded odontogenic myxoma in maxilla.

Odontogenic myxomas are considered to be a benign odontogenic tumor with locally aggressive behavior, non-metastasizing neoplasm of the jaw bones. It derives from the dental mesenchyme or periodontal ligament. Despite the benign nature of these lesions, there is a high rate of local recurrence after curettage alone and in certain cases requires adequate resection. This paper describes a case of a large odontogenic myxoma in the maxilla, emphasizing a discussion on the differential diagnosis related to radiological findings and the surgical treatment.